What Are The Different Types Of Tissues In The Body Of An Animal

iv.four Animal tissues (ESG6H)

Animal cells with the same structure and office are grouped together to form tissues. In that location are four types of animal tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

Key Outcomes:

• Understand the differentiation of animal tissues and the relationship betwixt structure and part of the various tissues.
• Know the location of the various tissues within the animal torso.
• Learn the skill of drawing the diverse animal tissues.
• Be able to prepare slides of selected animal tissues.
• Know the importance of stalk cell research in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Learners need to be able to identify the iv basic creature tissues and relate construction to function. Learners will be required to examine and place some animal tissues using microscopes, bio viewers, micrographs or posters. They are required to be able to draw the various cells that brand up these tissues in order to show their specialised structures.

TEACHER RESOURCES:

Tissues of homo body:

Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a particular role. Nosotros will be examining homo tissues as an example of brute tissues.

Human bodies, similar most animal bodies, are made up of four different types of tissue:

1. Epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the body and also lines many of the bodies cavities where it has a protective function.
2. Connective tissue assists in support and protection of organs and limbs and depending on the location in the body it may bring together or separate organs or parts of the trunk.
3. Muscle tissue enables diverse forms of move, both voluntary and involuntary.
4. Nervus tissue is responsible for the conveying of electric and chemical signals and impulses from the brain and key nervous arrangement to the periphery, and vice versa.

We will at present look at each tissue type, examining its structure and function also as its specific location in the trunk. You lot will be expected to recognise microscope images of each tissue blazon and produce biological drawings.

Epithelial tissue (ESG6J)

Epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover surfaces (e.thou. skin) and line tubes and cavities (eastward.m. digestive organs, blood vessels, kidney tubules and airways). Epithelial tissue normally consists of a unmarried layer of cells, however in certain cases at that place may exist more than ane layer. All epithelial tissues are costless surfaces attached to the underlying layers of a basement membrane.

There are unlike types of epithelial tissue which are named according to the number of layers they form and the shape of the individual cells that make up those layers. Simple epithelium refers to a single layer of cells. Stratified epithelium refers to two or more layers of cells. Squamous epithelium refers to flattened cells, cuboidal epithelium refers to cells that are cube-shaped and columnar epithelium refers to vertically elongated cells. Ciliated epithelium refers to epithelial cells that comprise many tiny hair-like projections.

Pseudostratified epithelium refers to epithelium consisting of ane layer but looking as though it consists of more than one layer.

Figure iv.21: The different types of epithelial tissue found in mammals.

General functions of epithelial tissue

• Provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers.
• Specialised to function in secretion and absorption.
• Protects organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.
• Excretes waste products such as sweat from the skin.

The pare is the largest human organ.

The different types of epithelial tissue are classified co-ordinate to their shape. The major categories we are going to examine are squamous, columnar and cuboidal epithelium. The table presents each of them in detail.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in body	Structure	Part
Elementary squamous and stratified squamous	Simple: capillaries, alveoli (in lungs); stratified: skin	Thin and apartment cells that are elliptically shaped and prevarication on basement membrane. Simple squamous epithelium is 1-cell thick. Stratified squamous epithelium consists of many layers.	Responsible for diffusion. Thin structure allows for movement of substances beyond the cells.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in torso	Structure	Function
Cuboidal	Kidney tubules or glands (regions of the body responsible for excretion).	Cube-like in structure; may occasionally have structures called microvilli on surface to aid absorption.	Serve a protective role against bacteria and the wearing away of certain organs by lining various structures. Also foreclose water loss.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in torso	Structure	Office
Columnar	Digestive tract, reproductive organs	Elongated cells, nuclei located at the base of operations of the cell. Cells connected by tight junctions and receive their nutrients from the basement membrane.	Main function is protective. Prevents against bacterial infection. Tin can too secrete mucus to protect surface from impairment.

A sub-blazon of columnar epithelium called ciliated columnar epithelium is found in some places in the body. Ciliated columnar epithelium contain little finger-similar projections called cilia. These cilia beat out in a wave-like movement to movement particles, fungus or other substances effectually the body. Ciliated epithelium is found in the trachea and bronchi of the respiratory system and in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive tract.

Muscle tissue (ESG6K)

In that location are three types of muscle tissue:

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated. Striated muscle cells are striped, with regular patterns of proteins responsible for contraction. Striated musculus contracts and relaxes in short bursts, whereas smooth muscle contracts for longer.

i. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary musculus. Information technology is striated in advent. Skeletal muscle tissue has regularly bundled bundles. It is anchored by tendons and is used to issue skeletal muscle move, such as locomotion, and maintain posture. The muscles accept a reflex action but tin too respond to witting command.

2. Smooth muscle is an involuntary, non-striated muscle with tapered ends. Information technology is found within the walls of blood vessels such as arteries and veins. Smooth muscle is too constitute in the digestive organisation, urinary tract and in the trachea. It is responsible for involuntary rhythmic contractions of peristalsis, required for moving nutrient downwardly the comestible canal, and for the dilation and construction of blood vessels to command blood pressure.

iii. Cardiac muscle is the major tissue making up the heart. Information technology is an involuntary musculus that is striated in advent. Nonetheless, unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles. The continued branches help with coordinated contractions of the heart.

Nervous tissue (ESG6M)

Cells making up the key nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous tissue. In the central nervous system, nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal string. In the peripheral nervous system the nervous tissue forms the cranial nerves and spinal fretfulness, which include the sensory and motor neurons.

The office of nerve tissue is to transmit nerve impulses around the body. Nerves consist of a cell body (soma), dendrites, which receive impulses, and axons which ship impulses. The axons of neurons are surrounded by a myelin sheath. The myelin sheath consists of layers of myelin, a white fatty substance. The myelin sheath'due south main office is to insulate nerve fibres and it also increases the speed of the impulses transmitted by the nerve cell. There are three types of nerve cells: sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons.

Connective tissue (ESG6N)

Connective tissue is a biological tissue that is of import in supporting, connecting or separating different types of tissues and organs in the body. All connective tissue is made upward of cells, fibres (such every bit collagen) and extracellular matrix. The type of intercellular matrix differs in different connective tissues. At that place are different types of connective tissues with different functions. The following table lists some of the unlike types of connective tissue.

All connective tissues are characterised past cells separated from each other and found in some type of intercellular matrix.

Connective tissue type	Structure	Function	Location	Diagram/Photograph
Areolar (loose connective)	jelly matrix; has network of rubberband fibres which attach together	holds the organs in identify, cushions and protects organs (acts as a packing textile)	surrounds blood vessels and nerves plant in the mesentry which surrounds the intestine	Figure 4.23: Loose connective tissue.
White fibrous	consists of non-elastic fibres	acts as a stupor absorber, transfers or absorbs forces	in tendons, ligaments and many tough membrane sheaths that environment organs	Figure 4.24: White gristly tissue.
Cartilage	rubbery matrix, tin be flexible or rigid	gives structure, shape and strength; reduces friction; provides back up	joints, olfactory organ, sternum, trachea	Figure 4.25: Cartilage.
Bone tissue	made upward of collagen fibres; mineralised with calcium and phosphates to make it solid	provides strength and support; creates red blood cells and white blood cells	basic plant all over the body	Figure 4.26: Osteoclast, a type of bone tissue.

Claret (ESG6P)

Blood is regarded as a specialised course of connective tissue because it originates in the bones and has some fibres. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white claret cells and platelets. These components are suspended in a xanthous fluid known as plasma.

Electron micrographs of blood cells
Figure iv.27: Scanning electron microscope image of circulating blood showing several red and white claret cells.	Figure four.28: Scanning electron microscope image of a white blood prison cell (right), a platelet (centre) and a red blood cell (left).

Red blood cells: called erythrocytes are made in the cerise os marrow. They practise not have a nucleus and are biconcave in shape. Their biconcave shape makes them flexible and then that they can squeeze through narrow capillaries. It also gives them a bigger surface to volume ratio, and so that they absorb and release gases faster. Ruddy claret cells have a brusque life bridge of approximately 120 days. Reddish blood cells contain the protein known as haemoglobin. Haemoglobin contains the pigment known equally heme that has an atomic number 26 (Fe) at its centre that combines with oxygen. Haemoglobin releases oxygen equally required and takes up carbon dioxide. Cherry blood cells send oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Effigy 4.29: Human red claret cells.

White blood cells: Are commonly known equally leukocytes and are produced in the yellow os marrow and lymph nodes. The cells have i or more nuclei. White claret cells are slightly larger than cherry-red blood cells and are more irregular in shape. Their main function is to protect the body from diseases. There are several types of white blood cells.

Platelets: Besides known every bit thrombocytes are produced in the os marrow and are fragments of bone marrow cells. They accept no nuclei. Platelets help in the clotting of blood and prevent excessive bleeding.

Figure 4.30: Platelets clumping together to class a blood smear. Platelets are largely responsible for wound repair and healing.

The number of leukocytes is often a measure of illness. They make upwardly approximately \(\text{one}\%\) of blood in a healthy adult. A change in the corporeality of leukocytes can frequently be used to diagnose illness.

Plasma: Plasma is the pale-yellow component of blood that allows the residual of the components of blood to bladder in suspension. It makes upwards near \(\text{55}\%\) of total blood volume. It contains dissolved proteins, hormones, urea and carbon dioxide. Its primary functions are to transport nutrients, cells and metabolic waste products and maintain blood volume.

Plasma donations are important in blood transfusion. During World War 2, the blood plasma transferred to wounded soldiers was important in saving thousands of lives.

Figure 4.31: American wounded soldier receiving blood plasma in August, 1943

Knowing more most tissues: dissection of fauna tissue

Aim

The aim of this dissection is for you to revise the theory backside tissues and utilize your knowledge to actual tissues.

Instructions

You lot will exist working in pairs. Instructions for this activity will exist written in italics.

• At the end of the applied you should:
  1. Know and be able to utilise dissecting instruments correctly, especially insertion and removal of blades.
  2. Be able to recognise and utilise ether responsibly
  3. Be familiar with apparatus: petri dish, dissecting tray.
  4. Apply a scale: aught (calibrate) and record mass.
  5. Perform elementary mathematical calculations: pct.
  6. Exist able to read a vernier calliper.
  7. Clean and dry thoroughly and appropriately.

Materials

• ane piece filter paper
• scissors
• forceps
• threader
• pointer
• scalpel
• blade
• dissecting tray
• petri dish
• chicken wing
• 1 ml Ether
• cloths
• roller towel

Method

1. Pare

• Before you begin, look at the external appearance of the chicken fly.

• Weigh the entire wing and record its mass in the table on the last page.

• Insert the scalpel blade onto the handle.
• Lie the fly upside downwards on the dissecting board.
• Cut with scissors from the severed stop towards the wingtip forth the midline of the wing.
• Remove as much of the skin as you can past freeing information technology from the underlying tissue with a blunt musical instrument or pulling with your fingers.
• Carefully observe the tissue that you are breaking.

1. Is skin a tissue or an organ?
2. Why is at that place a 'web' of skin between the joints?
3. What are the 'bumps' on the skin?
4. How easily does the pare come up off between the joints?
5. Where is the skin most firmly attached?
6. Record the mass of the skin in a table as shown on the last page.

2. Connective tissue

The skin is held to the underlying pink tissue by a blazon of connective tissue.

1. Name this particular type of connective tissue.

2. Give two adjectives that accurately draw it.

iii. Fatty tissue

• Expect at the underside of the skin you have removed. Yous should run across clumps of xanthous material. This is fat, or adipose tissue. Information technology is also a type of connective tissue.

• Take a small amount of this fatty tissue and squash it gently in a small chalice with some ether.

• Pour some of this solution onto a slice of filter newspaper.
• Dry the filter paper past waving it in the air.

• This oily stain is known equally a translucent stain.

• From at present on collect all the fatty material you lot observe — you volition demand it subsequently (identify in a separate chalice).

1. What do you lot think the function of connective tissue is hither?

2. What do you notice? At that place is an oily stain on the newspaper after the ether has evaporated.

iv. Musculus

Muscle is the pinky-orange tissue y'all can see nether the pare. The muscles were most likely severed when the chicken was dismembered in the butchery. Muscles are all arranged in 'combative pairs' where the action one muscle does the opposite to its partner.

• Hold the wing in your left hand.

• Grip the finish of one of the muscles with forceps. Pull it.

• Draw what happens and name the type of action it acquired.

• Let get and pull diverse other muscles.

• Can y'all get one to crusade the contrary movement?

• Carefully dissect out a unmarried muscle in FULL. Remove it from the fly completely.

1. What type of tissue lies between the muscles?

2. Describe the wing muscle.
3. You lot demand to follow the convention of drawing diagrams by:
   1. providing a heading or title
   2. calculation labels (tendon, muscle, epimysium, fat tissue)
   3. labelling on the right hand side of the diagram
   4. providing a scale bar

5. Claret vessels

The smallest vessels you volition be able to see are small arteries (arterioles) and small veins (venules). Capillaries are the very smallest blood vessels — and then narrow in fact that erythrocytes can only fit through in unmarried file. Information technology is ONLY betwixt these vessels and the surrounding tissues where diffusion of substances occurs. Capillaries will non be visible to the naked heart.

• Every bit y'all work, look out for blood vessels.

• The darker vessels are venules; the redder ones are arterioles.
• In the cut end of thicker vessels you may exist able to encounter the lumen and vessel wall.
• If yous find one, work the edgeless end of the threader into information technology and downwardly the vessel and encounter where it leads.

1. Proper noun 2 substances that will diffuse into the tissues and out of the tissues in this wing.

half dozen. Nerves

Nerves are bundles of neurons enclosed in a membrane rather like a slice of electrical flex. They tend to be deep in the tissues for protection.

• Keep a expect out for fretfulness.
• Nerves are hard to see but when soaked in ethanol they get white (If possible cheque with your instructor if he or she tin do this for y'all).

7. Tendons

Muscles are attached to bones past means of tendons. Tendons are made of a type of connective tissue that contains lots of white fibres fabricated of collagen. It is this collagen that gives the connective tissue its backdrop.

• Your task at present is to remove all the muscles neatly from the bones.

• As you practise so, endeavor and pull one or two off the bone using your fingers or forceps; remove the residuum using scissors or the scalpel.

• Expect advisedly at how the tendon joins the muscle.

• If necessary dissect into the muscle tissue.

• Collect ALL the muscles yous remove.

• Yous should now accept a pile of fat and a pile of musculus.
• Weigh and record the mass of subcutaneous fat and muscle in the table where you recorded the mass of the wing.

1. How firmly are the muscles attached to bones?

2. Approximately how many muscles did y'all remove?

3. Describe how the tendon and muscle bring together.

4. Write down four adjectives to draw collagen from what y'all tin observe.

8. Bone

• You should now be left with some bones joined together with skin, muscles and 'proper' connective tissue removed.

• Employ the miniature hacksaw to cut a os in half.

1. Draw what you see after sawing the bone in one-half.

2. Utilize the vernier calliper to measure the thickness of the bone wall.

3. The basic of most birds are hollow. Why are hollow bones an advantage for a bird?

9. Ligaments

Ligaments wait similar to tendons and have a very like histology with lots of collagen fibres. Ligaments join bone to os, and also form protective capsular ligaments around synovial joints by for case, keeping in the lubricating synovial fluid.

• Cutting through and carefully remove the capsular ligament of a large articulation using your scissors.

1. Can you run into internal ligaments?

2. Write downward three appreciable characteristics of the ligament yous cut.

10. Cartilage

• Expect at the end of a bone and find the cartilage (it is pearly white in colour).

• Try to remove it from the bone. And so try to scratch it first with your nail and, and so with something very difficult and sharp.

1. Depict what you observe.

2. What type of cartilage is this?

3. What practise you think the part of cartilage is?

4. What mutual, man-made material is closest in its backdrop to cartilage?

Questions

Data (show all working)

Tissue	Mass, correct to one decimal place (thousand)
Entire fly
Skin
Muscle
Subcutaneous Fat

1. Muscle is eaten for its poly peptide. Muscle is fabricated of protein. What percentage of this wing is muscle?
2. What total pct of this wing was made up of fatty?
3. Calculate the total fatty-to-muscle ratio as a pct.
4. Await at the price per kilo for these wings. Assuming the wings have the same mass, and there are half dozen per pack, how much does 1 fly cost?
5. You lot are paying the above price only to actually swallow the muscle (protein), what is the actual price per kilo you are paying for the meat (poly peptide) in this example?

Cleaning

Tidy and clean the work station thoroughly after each session. Wash instruments in hot soapy water with a sponge/scourer, rinse in the cold sink (NOT under running water) and dry out with a cloth. Supplant apparatus in the right containers. Scalpel blades are to be removed, cleaned, dabbed dry with roller-towel and returned to their envelopes.

Investigation: Dissection of animal tissue

The purpose of this dissection is to revise the theory behind tissues and apply it to actual tissues.

Information and Instructions:

Autopsy and other instructions are given in italics.

Answers

1. Pare

1. Skin is an organ.
2. To increase the surface surface area for the zipper of feathers and to help concur them together.
3. The bumps are feather follicles.
4. Easily – it is loosely fastened on the muscle betwixt the joints.
5. At the joints.
6. OPTIONAL – learners can record mass if scales are available.

2. Connective tissue

1. Areolar connective tissue.
2. Soft, flexible, thin, elastic, transparent.

three. Fatty tissue

1. To store reserve food in the form of lipids and to insulate the trunk against oestrus loss.
2. At that place is an oily stain on the paper after the either has evaporated, indicating that this substance is fat.

4. Muscle

NOTE TO TEACHERS: It is difficult to remove the entire muscle without damaging the tendons, where the muscle attaches to the bone. Very few learners will exercise this successfully. Most of them will cutting through the muscle higher up the tendon.

1. When the upper muscle is pulled, the wing flexes / bends at the elbow. When the lower muscle is pulled, the wing straightens.
2. DIAGRAM: Adding a calibration bar is optional. The epimysium is the membrane effectually the entire musculus – this is also an optional label, as this was not in the notes.

5. Claret vessels

Note TO TEACHERS: It is not always possible to run across the difference between arteries and veins. Learners should look for whatsoever narrow night red / blackish tubes.

1. Oxygen and nutrient volition diffuse from the blood to the wing tissues. CO2 and other wastes will lengthened from the tissues to the blood.

half-dozen. Nerves

NOTE TO TEACHERS: Learners sometimes find very narrow, whitish threads, which are the fretfulness. They are mostly right confronting the bone and are oftentimes destroyed when learners remove the muscle.

vii. Tendons

1. Muscles are VERY firmly attached to os by tendons. It is not possible to just pull them off using fingers or forceps. They accept to be cut off.
2. Learner dependent answer. Almost groups manage to remove one or 2 at to the lowest degree.
3. Tendons are attached directly to the bone and gradually become muscle – the two are intermeshed at the get-go.
4. White, strong, inelastic, flexible, firm, fibrous, occurs in bundles.

8. Bone

1. If learners exercise not have miniature hacksaws available, the bone can be broken by hand. Learners should be able to see cerise os marrow and a marrow cavity inside.
2. Use the vernier callipers if they are available for measurements.
3. Being hollow makes bones lighter, so it'due south easier for the bird to fly. BUT chickens can't fly, so their bones are not hollow, they incorporate os marrow.

9. Ligaments

1. When they have cut through the ligament capsule effectually the elbow joint, learners may be able to meet internal ligaments – they look like white 'strings' belongings the basic of the elbow together.
2. Learners may utilize words like narrow, white, stiff, etc to describe them, but many learners may non discover them at all – they have destroyed them already.

10. Cartilage

1. It cannot be removed hands past just scratching it. The cartilage is very firmly joined to the cease of the bones and forms a smoothen, burnished surface on the bone.
2. Hyaline cartilage, simply information technology tin also be called articular cartilage.
3. The cartilage makes the end of the bone smooth, to reduce friction when the bones are moved by muscles.
4. It is similar to plastic.

Questions

DATA (SHOW ALL WORKING)

Learners may not accept tables of mass measurements if scales were not bachelor.

1. Teachers will have to bank check the percentage calculations if mass measurements were done. Information technology is calculated as mass of musculus divided by mass of entire wing x 100.
2. Mass of fat divided by mass of wing x 100.
3. Fat mass divided by muscle mass x 100.
4. All learners tin can do these calculations, even if mass was non recorded. Cost divided past half-dozen = cost per wing
5. The price would be 100/(percentage poly peptide) x cost per kilogram = toll per kg of protein

Tissue	Mass, right to ane decimal place (chiliad)
Entire wing
Skin
Muscle
Subcutaneous Fatty	(4+i+1)

Marker Scheme: Chicken wing

Self-Assessment: Assess yourself after chatting through each point with your partner	By and large no (0)	By and large no	Yes	Very much so
I followed the instructions carefully and read everything
We asked questions where nosotros needed to
We did not ask irrelevant questions
I can now recognize all the tissues mentioned
I can confidently draw the tissues nosotros saw
Nosotros worked well together
Nosotros stayed focused on the piece of work
Our appliance was clean and dry out after our practical
I can confidently insert and remove scalpel blades
I used the apparatus well and successfully
Our fly was neatly dissected
Total (out of 33, catechumen to fifteen)	/33 /15

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